To get installed Drupal version from MySQL database use the following SQL query:
select name,type,info from system where type = 'module' and name = 'node';
Inside info you will see serialized data something like:
s:7:”package”;s:4:”Core”;s:7:”version”;s:4:”7.22″
or
s:7:”package”;s:15:”Core – required”;s:7:”version”;s:4:”6.28″
Interesting. I wonder what was your use case for needing this? Could you have done something like this from the local site:
drush status | grep ‘Drupal version’
or this remotely:
curl example.com/CHANGELOG.txt | head -n 2
I am deleteing all Drupal default text files including CHANGELOG.txt from my production servers.
drush is not installed by default.
To install it additional commands should be used: https://www.shkodenko.com/how-to-install-drush-for-drupal/